What is nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)?
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) exists as a and b anomeric forms while it is identified as nicotinamide ribotide, nicotinamide-1-ium-1-b-D-ribofuranoside 5 0 -phosphate, b-nicotinamide ribose monophosphate and 3-carbamoyl-1-[5-O-(hydroxyphosphinato)-b-D-ribofuranosyl] pyridinium, among others [9]. The b form is the active anomer and NMN is naturally structured as a result of a reaction, which catalysed by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme, between a phosphate group and a nucleoside comprising nicotinamide (an amide form of vitamin B 3 ) and ribose. NMN is a bioactive nucleotide with a pyridine base and its molecular weight is 334.22 g/mol. It is fairly acidic and water-soluble compound. The solubility has been reported to be 1.8 mg/mL.
NMN is mainly located in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm, whereas in the human body, it can be found in placenta tis-sue and body fluids such as blood and urine . It is naturally found in a variety of fruits and vegetables including immature soy-bean pods, cabbage, cucumber, broccoli, tomato, mushroom and avocado as well as in raw beef and shrimp. The NMN content in these vegetables and fruits are 0.25–1.88 mg/100 g and 0.26–1.60 mg/100 g, respectively, whereas raw beef and shrimp contain comparatively lower level of NMN than those plant-based food
(0.06–0.42 mg/100 g). Based on the evidence of the presence of NMN in red blood cells, it has been put forward that physiologi-cally pertinent NMN contents, which are required for the biosyn-thesis of NAD + and many physiological functions, are absorbed from daily food sources .
NMN is an intermediate of NAD + biosynthesis. NAD + is a very important metabolic redox co-enzyme in eukaryotic organisms and is essential component for large number of enzymatic reac-tions. It plays a vital role in a variety of biological processes of the body including cell death, aging, gene expression, neuroinflam-mation and DNA repair, which indicating a significance role of NAD + in longevity and health of human life. As revealed by many recent studies, deficiency of NAD + can be compensated by the NMN supplementation that affects a range of pharmacological
activities in different disease conditions .
Several methods had been used to prepare and purify NMN: incubation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in a non-phosphate buffer and fluoride with potato pyrophosphatase, synthesis of NMN from nicotinamide by human hemolysates and erythrocytes, and specific hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond of NAD + using NAD + pyrophosphatase and metal catalysts. However, these methods are not rather efficient and they produce low amounts of NMN, giving rise to high price of NMN. Currently, microbial biotechnologies are used to obtain NMN. Nevertheless, innovative methods and optimisations are essential in order to address the high cost and purity issues of NMN. Many studies have been performed using simple and efficient biotechnological production and purification methods using bacteria and yeast to make NMN production cost effective.
Though at first, NMN was only considered as a source of cellular energy and an intermediate in NAD + biosynthesis, currently, the attention of the scientific community has been paid on anti-aging activity and a variety of health benefits and pharmacological activities of NMN which are related to the restoring of NAD + . Thus, NMN has therapeutic effects towards a range of diseases, including age-induced type 2 diabetes, obesity, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, heart failure and cardiomyopathies, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, corneal injury, macular degeneration and retinal degeneration, acute kidney injury and alcoholic liver disease.
NMN is an intermediate of NAD + biosynthesis. NAD + is a very important metabolic redox co-enzyme in eukaryotic organisms and is essential component for large number of enzymatic reac-tions. It plays a vital role in a variety of biological processes of the body including cell death, aging, gene expression, neuroinflam-mation and DNA repair, which indicating a significance role of NAD + in longevity and health of human life. As revealed by many recent studies, deficiency of NAD + can be compensated by the NMN supplementation that affects a range of pharmacological
activities in different disease conditions .
Several methods had been used to prepare and purify NMN: incubation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in a non-phosphate buffer and fluoride with potato pyrophosphatase, synthesis of NMN from nicotinamide by human hemolysates and erythrocytes, and specific hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond of NAD + using NAD + pyrophosphatase and metal catalysts. However, these methods are not rather efficient and they produce low amounts of NMN, giving rise to high price of NMN. Currently, microbial biotechnologies are used to obtain NMN. Nevertheless, innovative methods and optimisations are essential in order to address the high cost and purity issues of NMN. Many studies have been performed using simple and efficient biotechnological production and purification methods using bacteria and yeast to make NMN production cost effective.
Though at first, NMN was only considered as a source of cellular energy and an intermediate in NAD + biosynthesis, currently, the attention of the scientific community has been paid on anti-aging activity and a variety of health benefits and pharmacological activities of NMN which are related to the restoring of NAD + . Thus, NMN has therapeutic effects towards a range of diseases, including age-induced type 2 diabetes, obesity, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, heart failure and cardiomyopathies, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, corneal injury, macular degeneration and retinal degeneration, acute kidney injury and alcoholic liver disease.
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